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– the first appearance of women swimmers at the 1912 Games in Stockholm
– the first female athletics competitions, at the Amsterdam Games in 1928 (the 800 m race was considered too difficult for women and was discontinued
after 1928, not to be reintroduced until 1960).
From canoeing (1948) to volleyball (1964), from cycling (1984) to football (1996), women Olympians have gone from strength to strength !

At the turn of the third millennium, over 40 % of athletes at the 2000 Games in Sydney (Australia) were women. This was the largest proportion of female participants in the history of the Olympic Games. For the first time, women took part in the modern pentathlon and in weightlifting events.
The only sports now not open to women on the programme of the Summer Games are boxing
and baseball, as female wrestlers are making their Olympic debut at the 2004 Games in Athens. Several sports include mixed events (e.g. equestrian, badminton, sailing). One sport, softball, is practised only by women, along with two disciplines : synchronised swimming and rhythmic gymnastics.
GAMES IN WINTER（冬奥会）
When Coubertin revived the Olympic Games, only summer sports were included. In the 1920s, however, snow and ice sports began to enjoy soaring popularity. A number of IOC members decided to react to this new phenomenon. In 1924, it was decided to hold an International Winter Sports Week in Chamonix (France) : 258 athletes from 16 countries (mainly in Europe and North America) attended.

The week was a great success and, two years later, it was retroactively named the first Olympic Winter Games. The future of an Olympic event dedicated exclusively to snow and ice sports was assured.
At the Winter Games in Salt Lake City (United States of America) in 2002, a total of 2399 participants came together from a range of countries as diverse as Jamaica and Australia !

The rewards（奖励）

The moment of victory is often symbolised by the athlete stepping onto the podium to receive his or her medal. Yet this ceremony has not always existed ! The different elements of the ceremony entered Olympic history at different times.
THE SUMMER GAMES MEDALS
In the beginning, Olympic medals varied from one Olympiad to the next. At the first modern
Games in Athens in 1896, winners were rewarded with an olive wreath and a silver medal, while the runners-up received a bronze medal and a laurel wreath. Gold, silver and bronze medals were not awarded until 1904.
From 1928 the medals were standardised. The obverse must show a figure of Victory holding
a wreath in one hand and a palm frond in the other. The reverse had to show a victorious
athlete being borne upon the shoulders of the crowd.
Since 1972, only the obverse of the medal has remained the same. The reverse is modified for each Olympiad.
THE WINTER GAMES MEDALS

The Winter Games medals are not subject to the same constraints. There are no rules stipulating a particular shape or design. Other materials may even be introduced along with the basic gold, silver and bronze : the medals of the Albertville Games (France) included a crystal disc ; the Lillehammer (Norway) medals had a granite element, and the medals of the Nagano Games (Japan) were partially worked in lacquer. In fact, every Olympic Winter Games has seen an original medal design.
PRESENTATION OF THE MEDALS（颁奖）
The medals ceremony takes place soon after the competitions.
The first eight in each event receive a diploma and their names are read out. Only the first three receive a medal.
Since the Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid in 1932 (USA), the medals have been awarded on a podium. The winner takes the centre spot, on the highest step. He or she receives a gold medal and the title of Olympic champion. The second placegetter is to the winner’s right and receives a silver medal. The third is to the winner’s left and receives a bronze medal.
The national flags of the three winners are hoisted in the stadium and the national anthem of the Olympic champion is played.

Questions:

1. Who is "the Father of modern Olympics"?

2. Can women take part in the modern Olymmpics?

3. When did the first morden Olympics begin?